His double hyphen, ⸗, appears throughout the Bible as a short, double line inclined to the right at a 60-degree angle. This interrupted the letters in the last word, requiring the remaining letters be carried over to the start of the line below. Gutenberg solved the problem of making each line the same length to fit the frame by inserting a hyphen as the last element at the right-side margin. The Gutenberg printing press required words made up of individual letters of type to be held in place by a surrounding nonprinting rigid frame. Library of Congress shows that Gutenberg's movable type was set justified in a uniform style, 42 equal lines per page. Examination of an original copy on vellum (Hubay index #35) in the U. His tools did not allow for a sublinear hyphen, and he thus moved it to the middle of the line. 1455 with the publication of his 42-line Bible. The modern format of the hyphen originated with Johannes Gutenberg of Mainz, Germany, c. This era also saw the introduction of the marginal hyphen, for words broken across lines. Scribes used the mark to connect two words that had been incorrectly separated by a space. With the introduction of letter spacing in the Middle Ages, the hyphen, still written beneath the text, reversed its meaning. In Greek these marks were known as enotikon, officially romanized as a hyphen. At the time hyphenation was joining two words that would otherwise be read separately by a low tie mark between the two words. The first known documentation of the hyphen is in the grammatical works of Dionysius Thrax. History First page of the first volume: the epistle of St Jerome to Paulinus from the University of Texas copy. An (ἡ) ὑφέν ( (he) hyphén) was an undertie-like ‿ sign written below two adjacent letters to indicate that they belong to the same word when it was necessary to avoid ambiguity, before word spacing was practiced. The word is derived from Ancient Greek ὑφ' ἕν ( huph' hén), contracted from ὑπό ἕν ( hypó hén), "in one" (literally "under one"). The character most often used to represent a hyphen (and the one produced by the key on a keyboard) is called the "hyphen-minus" by Unicode, deriving from the original ASCII standard, where it was called "hyphen (minus)". In character encoding it is represented by any of several characters and glyphs, including the Unicode hyphen (shown at the top of the infobox on this page), the hyphen-minus, the soft hyphen, and the nonbreaking hyphen. The hyphen is sometimes confused with dashes ( en dash – and em dash - and others), which are longer, or with the minus sign −, which is also longer and usually higher up to match the crossbar in the plus sign +.Īs an orthographic concept, the hyphen is a single entity. Son-in-law is an example of a hyphenated word. The use of hyphens is called hyphenation. The hyphen ‐ is a punctuation mark used to join words and to separate syllables of a single word.
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